Herpes is spread by direct skin to skin contact. Unlike a flu virus that you can get through the air, herpes spreads by direct contact, that is, directly from the site of infection to the site of contact. For example, if you have a cold sore and kiss someone, you can transfer the virus to their mouth. Similarly, if you have active genital herpes and have vaginal or anal intercourse, you can give your partner genital herpes. Finally, if you have a cold sore and put your mouth on your partners genitals (oral sex), you can give your partner genital herpes.
Herpes is most easily spread when a sore is present, but, it is also
often spread at other times too. Some people notice itching, tingling
or other sensations before they see anything on their skin. These are
called "Prodromal Symptoms" and they warn that virus may be present on
the skin. Herpes is most likely to be spread from the time these first
symptoms are noticed until the area is completely healed and the skin
looks normal again.
Can Herpes Be Transmitted Without Symptoms?
Yes! Sometimes those who know they are infected
spread the virus between outbreaks, when no signs or symptoms are
present. This is called "Asymptomatic Transmission."
Research also
shows that herpes simplex infections are often spread by people who
don't know they are infected. These people may have symptoms so mild
they don't notice them at all or else don't recognize them as herpes.
Many genital herpes infections are spread from persons who are asymptomatic "Shedders" of the virus.
For those who recognize their symptoms, asymptomatic transmission appears to be far less likely than spreading the virus when lesions are present. Many couples have had sexual relations for years without transmitting herpes. Some simply avoid having sexual contact when signs or symptoms are present. Others use condoms or other protection between outbreaks to help protect against asymptomatic shedding.
Are complications possible?
One kind of complication involves spreading the virus from the
location of an outbreak to other places on the body by touching the
sore(s). The fingers, eyes, and other body areas can accidentally
become infected in this way. Preventing self-infection is simple. Do
not touch the area during an outbreak. If you do, wash your hands as
soon as possible. The herpes virus is easily killed with soap and water.